“一种政体,其中最高权力掌握在一个小而排他的阶级手中。”这个词最早出现在1570年代,源自法语 oligarchie(14世纪),而其拉丁化形式则源自希腊语 oligarkhia,意为“少数人的统治”。这个词的构成来自 oligos,意为“少数、小型、微小”(其词源尚不明确),加上 -arkhia,来自 arkhein,意为“统治”(参见 archon)。在英语中,这个词的早期形式是 oligracie(约1500年,源自古法语)。
Aristotle, after some preliminary remarks, concludes by defining a democracy to be, when the freemen and those not the rich, being the majority, possess the sovereign power; and an oligarchy, when the rich and those of noble birth, being few, are in possession of the sovereign power. This definition of an oligarchy necessarily implies that the majority are excluded from participating in the sovereign power. It might be inferred, on the other hand, that in this definition of a democracy the few are excluded from the sovereign power: and such in this passage should be the meaning of the author, if he is consistent with himself. ["Political Dictionary," London 1845]
亚里士多德在一些初步论述后,最终将民主定义为:当自由人和非富人构成多数时,他们拥有最高权力;而寡头政治则是指富人和贵族少数人掌握最高权力。这一定义必然意味着大多数人被排除在最高权力之外。另一方面,可以推断,在这个民主定义中,少数人被排除在外:如果作者自始至终保持一致,这就是他在这段话中的意思。[《政治词典》,伦敦,1845年]