“古罗马官员,负责观察和解读预兆,即关于未来事件的自然征兆”,这一词汇出现在1540年代,源自拉丁语 augur,指的是古罗马的一种宗教官员。根据 de Vaan 的说法,这个词最初可能意味着“通过仪式实现的作物增产”,因此可能源自古拉丁语 *augos(属格 *augeris)意为“增产”,与 augere(意为“增加”,源自原始印欧语根 *aug- (1) “增加”)相关。
更流行的解释是,这个词来自拉丁语 avis,意为“鸟”,因为鸟类的飞行、鸣叫和觅食行为是重要的占卜对象(可以与 auspex 对比)。在这种情况下,词的第二部分可能来自 garrire,意为“说话”。相关词汇包括 Augural 和 augurial。
These auspices were studied, with a fixed ceremonial, in the following classes of phenomena: (1) signs from the heavens, including thunder and lightning, and other meteorological manifestations; (2) signs from the direction of flight or the various cries of birds; (3) signs from the manner of eating of domestic hens kept for this purpose; (4) signs from the movements and attitudes of animals; (5) evil omens from various fortuitous incidents, such as the fall of any object, the gnawing of a mouse, the creaking of a chair, etc., occurring during the augural ceremonies or when these were about to begin. [Century Dictionary]
这些预兆通过固定的仪式在以下现象中进行研究:(1)来自天上的征兆,包括雷声、闪电及其他气象现象;(2)鸟类飞行方向或各种叫声的征兆;(3)专门饲养的家禽(如母鸡)进食方式的征兆;(4)动物的动作和姿态的征兆;(5)各种偶然事件带来的恶兆,例如在占卜仪式进行中或即将开始时,任何物体的跌落、老鼠的啃噬、椅子的吱吱声等。——《世纪词典》