phenomenalism 的词源

“哲学学说或思维方式，认为现象是唯一的现实或知识对象。”这个定义出现在1856年，主要是在基督教语境中（与materialism相对立）。它来源于phenomenal（现象的）+ -ism（主义）。在同一语境中，phenomenism（现象主义）一词早在1830年就已被使用。相关词汇包括Phenomenalist（现象主义者，1856年）。

I AM about to try to explain a manner of thought which, in various applications, or perhaps misapplications, of it, I have been in the habit of mentally characterizing, and perhaps of speaking of, as 'positivism.' I shall now however not use this term, but the term 'phenomenalism.' I understand the two terms to express in substance the same thing .... The reason for the change is, because in the purely intellectual application which I shall now make of the term, ''phenomenalism' may perhaps carry with it less danger of extraneous associations being joined with it, and may express what I mean more generally .... [John Grote, "Rough Notes on Modern Intellectual Science," 1865]

我现在要尝试解释一种思维方式。在我以往的各种应用，或者说误用中，我习惯性地将其称为“实证主义”。不过，现在我不打算使用这个词，而是选择“现象主义”。我理解这两个词在本质上表达的是同一个概念……之所以做出这个改变，是因为在我接下来对这个词的纯粹智力应用中，“现象主义”可能更少引发外部联想，并且能更普遍地表达我的意思…… [约翰·格罗特，《现代知识科学粗略笔记》，1865年]