criticism 的意思
批评;评论;鉴赏
criticism 的词源
criticism(n.)
大约在1600年,critic(批评家)+ -ism(主义)组合而成,最初指的是“批评的行为,评价或讨论某物的优缺点、特性或质量;批评性评论或论述”。到了1670年代,这个词的含义扩展为“评判和定义事物质量或优点的艺术”,尤其是“评估文学或艺术价值”。而“对文本的历史和真实性进行研究”(例如在higher criticism,即‘高等批评’中的含义)则出现在1660年代。
In the first place, I must take leave to tell them that they wholly mistake the Nature of Criticism who think its business is principally to find fault. Criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a Standard of judging well. The chiefest part of which is, to observe those Excellencies which should delight a reasonable Reader. [Dryden, preface to "State of Innocence," 1677]
首先,我必须告诉那些认为批评主要是找错的人,他们完全误解了批评的本质。亚里士多德最初设立批评的目的是作为一个良好判断的标准。其主要部分是观察那些应该让理性读者感到愉悦的优秀之处。[德莱顿,《无邪状态》序言,1677年]
criticism 的使用趋势
改编自 books.google.com/ngrams/. Ngrams 数据仅供参考。
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