14世纪晚期,在语法中指“名词形容词”,即一种词性上像形容词,但又是由动词衍生并与其在意义和结构上紧密关联,仿佛属于动词的词。这个词源于古法语的 participle(13世纪的语法用法),是 participe 的变体,直接来源于拉丁语的 participium,字面意思是“分享,参与”,同样用于语法领域,源自 particeps(分享,参与)(参见 participation)。在语法意义上,拉丁语翻译自希腊语的 metokhē(分享者,参与者),其概念是指一种“既具名词又具形容词特性的词”。
Owl: "What a scene! A octopus got me!"
Bug: "Phoo! ain’t no octopus is got him!"
Pogo: "Mebbe he mean a octopus did got him."
Bug: "A octopus did got him? Is that grammatiwackle?"
Pogo; "As grammacklewak as rain — ‘is got’ is the present aloofable tense an’ ‘did got’ is the part particuticle."
Bug: "Mighty strange! My teachers allus learnt me that the past inconquerable tense had a li’l’ more body to it."
猫头鹰:“真是个场景!一只章鱼抓住我了!”
虫子:“哼!哪儿有章鱼抓住他!”
波戈:“也许他是说章鱼抓住了他。”
虫子:“章鱼抓住他?那是语法胡扯吗?”
波戈:“就像雨一样语法胡扯——‘is got’是现在时态,而‘did got’是参与词。”
虫子:“真奇怪!我老师总是教我过去时态要更完整一些。”