大约在公元1200年,professioun这个词开始出现,意思是“进入宗教团体后所宣誓的誓言”。它源自古法语的profession(12世纪),直接来自拉丁语的professionem(主格为professio),意为“公开宣告”。这是一个名词,表示一种行动,来自动词profiteri,意为“公开声明”(参见profess)。
到了14世纪中期,这个词的意义扩展为“任何庄重的宣告”。15世纪初,它又被用来指“某人宣称自己擅长的职业或使命”。1610年,这个词进一步演变为“从事某种职业的人群”的意思。此外,从1888年起,它还被用作“卖淫”的委婉说法(参见oldest profession)。
Formerly theology, law, and medicine were specifically known as the professions; but, as the applications of science and learning are extended to other departments of affairs, other vocations also receive the name. The word implies professed attainments in special knowledge, as distinguished from mere skill; a practical dealing with affairs, as distinguished from mere study or investigation; and an application of such knowledge to uses for others as a vocation, as distinguished from its pursuit for one's own purposes. In professions strictly so called a preliminary examination as to qualifications is usually demanded by law or usage, and a license or other official authority founded thereon required. [Century Dictionary]
过去,神学、法律和医学被特指为the professions(这些职业)。然而,随着科学和学术的应用扩展到其他领域,越来越多的职业也开始使用这个词。这个词暗示了在某一特定知识领域的专业成就,区别于单纯的技能;它还强调了对事务的实际处理,区别于仅仅的研究或调查;同时,它强调了将这种知识应用于他人利益的职业性质,区别于为个人目的的追求。在严格意义上的“专业”中,法律或惯例通常要求对资格进行初步审查,并基于此需要获得许可或其他官方授权。[《世纪词典》]