Calvinism 的词源

1560年代，指的是法国宗教改革家和神学家约翰·Calvin（1509-1564）的宗教教义和神学思想。通常与-ism结合使用。1566年，另一种形式Calvinian已被使用。后来，这个词的涵义被广泛扩展，甚至包括他并不认同的立场。与严苛的道德规范和宿命论的广泛联系，至少可以追溯到1853年。相关词汇包括Calvinist（加尔文主义者）和Calvinistic（加尔文主义的）。

The peculiar characteristics of his system, as derived from his "Institutes," are his doctrines of original sin, namely, that we derive from Adam "not only the punishment, but also the pollution to which the punishment is justly due"; of freedom of the will, namely, that man "in his present state is despoiled of freedom of will and subject to a miserable slavery"; of grace, or that "the Lord both begins and completes the good work in us," and gives us "both will and power"; of predestination, or "the eternal decree of God, by which he has determined in himself what he would have become of every individual of mankind"; and of perseverance, or the doctrine that all the elect will certainly be saved. [Century Dictionary]

根据他的《基督教要义》，加尔文主义的独特特征包括：原罪的教义，即我们不仅承受亚当的惩罚，还受到应有的污染；自由意志的观点，认为人在现状下失去了自由意志，沦为可怜的奴隶；恩典的教义，强调“主在我们心中开始并完成善工”，并赐予我们“意愿和能力”；宿命论，即“上帝的永恒法令，他在自己心中决定了每一个人的命运”；以及坚忍的教义，认为所有被选中的人最终都将得救。[《世纪词典》]