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R 的词源

R

英语字母表中的第十八个字母,可以追溯到腓尼基字母,并且总是表示或多或少相同的音,在许多语言中通常如此响亮和连续,以至于几乎类似于元音,但在英语中更接近于 -l-

在古英语中,词首发音为送气音(hr-),如希腊语,但这种发音在古英语时期末期被英语拼写和发音所放弃,但 rh- 的拼写在许多从希腊语借来的词中仍然存在。在许多语言和一些方言(例如苏格兰语)中,它的发音具有舌尖明显的颤音,这使它获得了“狗字母”的古老昵称;在其他地区方言(例如波士顿方言)中,除非后面跟着元音,否则会省略,在其他一些方言中则在发音中人为引入(“idear”,“drawring”,tomorrer 替代 tomorrow 在1901年印刷品中有证据)。

If all our r's that are written are pronounced, the sound is more common than any other in English utterance (over seven per cent.); the instances of occurrence before a vowel, and so of universal pronunciation, are only half as frequent. There are localities where the normal vibration of the tip of the tongue is replaced by one of the uvula, making a guttural trill, which is still more entitled to the name of "dog's letter" than is the ordinary r; such are considerable parts of France and Germany; the sound appears to occur only sporadically in English pronunciation. [Century Dictionary] 
如果我们写出的所有 r 都被发音,那么这种声音在英语中比任何其他声音都更常见(超过百分之七);在元音前出现的实例,以及因此的普遍发音,仅为其一半频率。在一些地方,舌尖的正常颤动被小舌的颤动所取代,形成喉音颤音,这比普通的 r 更有资格被称为“狗字母”;这样的地方包括法国和德国的相当大部分;这种声音在英语发音中似乎仅偶尔出现。[世纪词典] 

路易丝·庞德(“幽默的‘R’”)指出,在英国幽默写作中,-ar- “通常表示 father 中元音的声音”,而像 larf(代表 laugh)这样的构词 “应读作宽元音但不发出 r。”

The moment we encounter the added r's of purp or dorg in our reading we know that we have to do with humor, and so with school-marm. The added consonants are supposed to be spoken, if the words are uttered, but, as a matter of fact, they are less often uttered than seen. The words are, indeed, largely visual forms; the humor is chiefly for the eye. [Louise Pound, "The Humorous 'R,'" American Mercury, October 1924]
当我们在阅读中遇到 purpdorg 的附加 r's 时,我们知道我们在处理幽默,因此也包括 school-marm。附加的辅音被认为是要发音的,如果这些词被说出,但实际上,它们发出的频率比看到的频率要低。这些词确实在很大程度上是视觉形式;幽默主要是为了眼睛。[路易丝·庞德,《幽默的‘R’,美国水银杂志,1924年10月]

H.A. Shands(“密西西比州的语言特征”,1893年)指出 uh 是 “不定冠词 a 的常见黑人形式”,并补充说,“这通常被方言作家写作 er,但在黑人发音中从未出现 r 的声音。” 

路易丝·庞德还引用亨利·詹姆斯对美国中西部演讲中中间 -r- 声音特征突出的描述(该声音在英格兰和新英格兰往往被省略),“在某种奇怪的冲动下,朝向辅音平衡的恢复,即使在缺失的词中也使其出现,像一种阴郁的磨牙声一样无处不在。”

 在圈中,意为“注册(商标)”,1925年有证据。 R&R “休息和放松”,1953年有证据,美式英语; R&B “节奏与蓝调”(一种流行音乐类型),1949年有证据,美式英语。形式 three Rs,见 Three Rs

相关词汇

代表了对 laugh 的一种口语化发音,出现于1836年。另见 R

1824年;据说这是伦敦市长威廉·柯蒂斯爵士(1752-1829年)在宴会上发表的祝酒词。他在1820年代深受人们喜爱,似乎总是被当作玩笑对象,许多搞笑的祝酒词都与他有关。传闻他在公共晚宴上曾祝酒说过“伦敦的女性贵族们”;“三位C——考克斯、金恩和柯蒂斯”;以及“三位R——阅读、写作和算术”。

It has been very much the fashion amongst a class of persons to attribute to Sir W. C. ... a vulgarity and ignorance of speech which are by no means consistent with his character and conduct. The worthy and hospitable baronet has a rapid mode of speech, but it is always correct ; and although some eccentricities are mixed up in his composition, he is highly honourable, and has been a very useful member of society, particularly to his London constituents. [The Mirror, Jan. 29, 1825]
在某些人中,流行着将威廉·柯蒂斯爵士描绘成一个言语粗俗、无知的人,这与他的品格和行为完全不符。这位值得尊敬和好客的爵士说话很快,但总是准确的;尽管他有些古怪,但他非常正直,并且对社会尤其是他的伦敦选民非常有帮助。[《镜报》,1825年1月29日]

在列举了一些例子后,文章继续说道:

It is, however, very certain, that at a city festival some years ago, having indulged very freely, he fell asleep, when some wag, choosing to consider him dead, wrote his epitaph, which was found next morning pinned to the baronet's dress coat:—
"Here lies the great Curtis,
Of London, Lord May'r:
He's left this here world,
And gone to that there."
然而,有一件事是非常确定的:几年前在一次市庆典上,他喝得酩酊大醉,竟然睡着了。有人开玩笑地认为他死了,写下了他的墓志铭,第二天早上人们发现它被别在了这位爵士的礼服上:—
“这里安息着伟大的柯蒂斯,
伦敦的市长:
他离开了这个世界,
前往了另一个地方。”
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R 的使用趋势

改编自 books.google.com/ngrams/. Ngrams 数据仅供参考。

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中文翻译由AI生成。查看原文,请访问: Etymology, origin and meaning of R

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