1520年代起,biais在法语中指“斜线”或“斜角”,也引申为“权宜之计”或“手段”(13世纪,最初在古法语中是个过去分词形容词,意为“侧身的”、“斜视的”或“逆向的”)。这个词的起源尚不明确。它可能源自古普罗旺斯语的biais,在古加泰罗尼亚语和撒丁语中也有类似词汇,可能是通过俗拉丁语*(e)bigassius演变而来,最终源自希腊语epikarsios,意为“斜穿的”或“交叉的”,由epi(意为“在……之上”,参见epi-)和karsios(意为“斜的”,源自印欧语根*krs-yo-,是*sker- (1) “切割”的派生形式)组合而成。
在古老的保龄球游戏中,这个词是一个技术术语,指的是一侧重量较大的球,这种设计使得球在滚动时会呈现出弯曲的轨迹(1560年代)。因此,它后来被引申为“思维的片面倾向”(1570年代),最初尤其在法律领域中被用来描述“过度的偏见或倾向”。
The bias of education, the bias of class-relationships, the bias of nationality, the political bias, the theological bias—these, added to the constitutional sympathies and antipathies, have much more influence in determining beliefs on social questions than has the small amount of evidence collected. [Herbert Spencer, "The Study of Sociology," 1873]
教育的偏见、阶级关系的偏见、民族的偏见、政治的偏见、宗教的偏见——这些,加上个人的天性倾向和反感,在社会问题的信仰形成中,远比收集到的微薄证据更具影响力。——赫伯特·斯宾塞,《社会学研究》,1873年
For what a man had rather were true he more readily believes. Therefore he rejects difficult things from impatience of research; sober things, because they narrow hope; the deeper things of nature, from superstition; the light of experience, from arrogance and pride, lest his mind should seem to be occupied with things mean and transitory; things not commonly believed, out of deference to the opinion of the vulgar. Numberless in short are the ways, and sometimes imperceptible, in which the affections colour and infect the understanding. [Francis Bacon, "Novum Organum," 1620]
人们更容易相信自己希望是真实的事物。因此,他们往往因对研究的急躁而拒绝艰难的真理;因其狭隘而抛弃严谨的观点;因迷信而忽视自然的深奥;因傲慢和自负而拒绝经验的启示,唯恐自己的思维被琐碎和短暂的事物所占据;因对大众观点的迎合而不信那些不被普遍接受的真理。总之,情感在不知不觉中渗透并扭曲了我们的理解。——弗朗西斯·培根,《新工具》,1620年