约1300年,melancolie,malencolie,“一种以闷闷不乐、忧郁、易怒和无故暴怒倾向为特征的精神障碍”,来自古法语melancolie“黑胆汁;恶劣性情,愤怒,烦恼”(13世纪),来自晚期拉丁语melancholia,源自希腊语melankholia“悲伤”,字面意思是(过量的)“黑胆汁”,来自melas(属格melanos)“黑色”(参见melano-)+ khole“胆汁”(参见cholera)。
古代医学将精神抑郁归因于不自然或过量的“黑胆汁”,这是一种脾脏分泌物,也是身体四种“体液”之一,帮助形成和滋养身体,除非被改变或以过量存在。
Melancholy, The grossest of the foure corporall humours , which if it abound too much , causeth heavinesse and sadnes of minde. [Cockeram, English Dictionarie, 1623]
Melancholy,四种身体液体中最粗糙的一种,如果过量,会导致心情沉重和悲伤。[Cockeram, English Dictionarie, 1623]
这个词在中世纪英语中也用于表示“悲伤,忧郁”(因爱情、失望等引起),到14世纪中期。当18世纪对古老体液理论的信仰消退时,这个词仍然保留了“忧郁状态”的意义,特别是当这种状态习惯性或持续时。
拉丁词也是西班牙语melancolia,意大利语melancolia,德语Melancholie,丹麦语melankoli等的来源。古法语变体malencolie(在中世纪英语中也有)因与mal“疾病”的错误联想而产生。
When I go musing all alone,
Thinking of divers things fore-known,
When I build castles in the air,
Void of sorrow and void of fear,
Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet,
Methinks the time runs very fleet.
All my joys to this are folly,
Naught so sweet as melancholy.
When I lie waking all alone,
Recounting what I have ill done,
My thoughts on me then tyrannise,
Fear and sorrow me surprise,
Whether I tarry still or go,
Methinks the time moves very slow.
All my griefs to this are jolly,
Naught so sad as melancholy.
[Robert Burton, from "Anatomy of Melancholy," 17c.]