1810年起,指的是“在印度一伙专门谋杀和抢劫的罪犯,他们通过勒死受害者来实施犯罪”。这个词源于马拉地语的 thag, thak,意为“骗子,诈骗者”,而在印地语中也有类似的 thag。可能可以追溯到梵语 sthaga-s,意为“狡猾的,欺诈的”,其词根 sthagayati 则有“(他)掩盖,隐藏”的意思,最终源自原始印欧语词根 *(s)teg-,意为“覆盖”。
The thugs roamed about the country in bands of from 10 to 100, usually in the disguise of peddlers or pilgrims, gaining the confidence of other travelers, whom they strangled, when a favorable opportunity presented itself, with a handkerchief, an unwound turban, or a noosed cord. The shedding of blood was seldom resorted to. The motive of the thugs was not so much lust of plunder as a certain religious fanaticism. The bodies of their victims were hidden in graves dug with a consecrated pickax, and of their spoil one third was devoted to the goddess Kali, whom they worshiped. [Century Dictionary]
这些匪徒通常以10到100人的队伍在乡间游荡,伪装成小贩或朝圣者。他们通过各种手段赢得其他旅行者的信任,然后在合适的时机,利用手帕、解开的头巾或套索绳子悄无声息地勒死对方。一般情况下,他们不会流血。与其说他们是为了抢劫,倒不如说是出于某种宗教狂热。他们会用神圣的镐头挖掘坟墓,将受害者的尸体埋藏起来,而抢来的财物中有三分之一会献给他们崇拜的女神卡莉。[《世纪词典》]
在印度,这些罪犯更准确的称呼是 phanseegur(来自 phansi,意为“绳套”)。早在1665年,英语中就已有对这一行为的描述。自1831年起,英国人对他们进行了严厉的打击,到19世纪末,这一犯罪团伙几乎被彻底消灭。从1839年起,这个词在英语中还被引申为“流氓,杀手,暴力的低俗之徒”。