14世纪初,“任何有感知的生物”,包括人类,源自拉丁语 animale,意为“生物,呼吸的存在”,是形容词 animalis(意为“有生命的,活着的;空气中的”)的名词形式,来自 anima,意为“呼吸,灵魂;气流”(源自原始印欧语根 *ane-,意为“呼吸”;有关意义的发展,可参见 deer)。
在1600年之前,这个词在英语中相对少见,且在《钦定版圣经》(1611年)中未出现。最初主要用于非人类生物。它逐渐取代了较早的 beast(野兽)一词,成为日常用语。从1580年代起,这个词也被用来嘲讽那些像野兽般粗暴的人(在这种用法中,“动物”指的是非理性、非精神化的特征)。
Quid est homo? A dedlych best and resonable, animal racionale. ["Battlefield Grammar," c. 1450]
人是什么?是一个可怕的野兽和理性的生物,合理的动物。[《战场语法》,约1450年]
The animals in Paradise are the prophet Saleh's camel, the ram which Abraham sacrificed instead of Isaac, Moses's cow, (the red cow, whose ashes were mingled with the water of purification), Soloman's ant (who, when all creatures, in token of their obedience to him, brought him presents, dragged before him a locust, and was therefore preferred before all others because it had brought a creature so much bigger than itself); the queen of Sheba's parrot, who carried messages between her and Solomon ; Ezra's ass ; Jonah's whale ; Kitmer, the dog of the Seven Sleepers, and Mahommed's camel. [Southey, "Omniana," citing Thevenot's Travels into the Levant; for the list, see chapter XXXI]
天堂里的动物包括先知萨利赫的骆驼,亚伯拉罕为以撒献祭的公羊,摩西的牛(红牛,其灰烬与净化水混合),所罗门的蚂蚁(当所有生物都向他献上礼物以示服从时,它拖来了一只蝗虫,因此被所有其他生物所优先,因为它带来了比自己大得多的生物);示巴女王的鹦鹉,它在她与所罗门之间传递消息;以斯拉的驴;约拿的鲸鱼;七睡者的狗基特梅尔,以及穆罕默德的骆驼。[索西,Omniana,引用自《泰维诺特的东地中海旅行记》,具体内容见第31章]