civil war 的意思
内战; 公民之间的战争
civil war 的词源
civil war(n.)
“同胞之间或社区内部的战争”,这个定义源自于civil,意指“发生在同胞之间”,这种用法在14世纪晚期就已出现,如batayle ciuile(“公民战争”)等短语。确切的短语civil war则在15世纪晚期被记录下来(拉丁语表达为bella civicus)。古英语中对此的一个词是ingewinn,而古希腊语则用polemos epidemios。
早期的使用通常指的是古罗马时期。后来在英格兰,这个词主要用于描述议会与查理一世之间的斗争(1641-1651年);在美国,则指南北战争(1861-1865年),这一称谓常被批评为完全不准确,但在战争期间北方人仍然使用(还有其他名称),并通过1884-1887年在《世纪杂志》上发表的《内战的战斗与领袖》系列得到了推广。
"The war between the States," which a good many Southerners prefer, is both bookish and inexact. "Civil war" is an utter misnomer. It was used and is still used by courteous people, the same people who are careful to say "Federal" and "Confederate." "War of the rebellion," which begs the very question at issue, has become the official designation of the struggle, but has found no acceptance with the vanquished. To this day no Southerner uses it except by way of quotation .... "The war of secession" is still used a good deal in foreign books, but it has no popular hold. "The war," without any further qualification, served the turn of Thucydides and Aristophanes for the Peloponnesian war. It will serve ours, let it be hoped, for some time to come. [Basil L. Gildersleeve, "The Creed of the Old South," 1915]
“各州之间的战争”,这是许多南方人更喜欢的说法,但既书面化又不准确。“公民战争”完全是个误称。这一说法曾被礼貌的人们使用,并且他们会小心地说“联邦军”和“邦联军”。“叛乱战争”则直接质疑了争论的核心,已成为官方对这场斗争的称谓,但在失败者中并未得到认可。直到今天,除非引用,否则没有南方人会使用这个词…… “脱离战争”在外国书籍中仍然被广泛使用,但在民间并没有流行。“战争”,不加任何修饰,正如修昔底德和阿里斯托芬所用的那样,足以描述伯罗奔尼撒战争。希望在未来的某段时间内,它也能成为我们对这场战争的称谓。[巴兹尔·L·吉尔德斯利夫,《旧南方的信条》,1915年]
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civil war 的使用趋势
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中文翻译由AI生成。查看原文,请访问: Etymology, origin and meaning of civil war
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