“缺乏勇气面对危险或畏惧受伤机会的人”,这个词出现在13世纪中期,源自盎格鲁法语的 couard, couart,以及古法语的 coart,意为“懦夫”。在现代法语中,这个词已经不常用了,取而代之的是意大利语的 poltron 和法语的 lâche。其词源可以追溯到 coe,意为“尾巴”,源自拉丁语的 coda,这是 cauda(同样意为“尾巴”)在民间方言中的变体(参见 coda)。后缀 -ard 是一个名词后缀,通常表示某人从事某种行为或具有某种特质,且带有贬义(参见 -ard)。
这个词可能反映了一种动物隐喻的用法,这种用法在 turning tail(掉头逃跑)和 tail between legs(夹着尾巴逃跑)等表达中依然存在。在古法语版本的《狐狸雷诺德》中,Coart 是兔子的名字。意大利语的 codardo 和西班牙语的 cobarde(古西班牙语 couarde)都是从法语借来的。英语中的拼写受到 cow(动词和名词)的影响。
[S]o strong is the false belief that every bully must be a coward that acts requiring great courage are constantly described as cowardly or dastardly if they are so carried out as not to give the victim a sporting chance; the throwing of a bomb at a king's carriage is much less dastardly than shooting a partridge, because the thrower takes a very real risk .... [Fowler]
[F]alse belief is so strong that every bully must be a coward, that acts requiring great courage are constantly described as cowardly or dastardly if they are carried out in a way that does not give the victim a sporting chance; throwing a bomb at a king's carriage is much less dastardly than shooting a partridge, because the thrower takes a very real risk .... [Fowler]
作为姓氏(自13世纪中期起有记载),它代表了古英语的 cuhyrde,意为“牧牛人”。作为形容词,它的意思是“缺乏勇气,胆怯”,出现在13世纪晚期。农民用 coward's castle 来形容“讲坛”,意思是“因为牧师可以在上面发表演讲,而不必担心被反驳或争论。”