“信仰个人神的存在,通常伴随对启示和教会权威的否定”,这个词最早出现在1680年代(deist源自1620年代),来自法语déisme,而其拉丁语根deus意为“神”,源自原始印欧语根*dyeu-,意指“闪耀”,在衍生词中则有“天空、天堂、神”的含义。
这是一种理性神学,兴起于17世纪末到18世纪初的英格兰。自然神论者主张自然宗教的充分性,认为其独立于圣经或启示。直到1700年左右,这个词主要用来对抗atheism(无神论);之后,它的含义转变为theism(有神论,见词条)的对立面,二者在词源上是等同的。
The term "deism" not only is used to signify the main body of the deists' teaching, or the tendency they represent, but has come into use as a technical term for one specific metaphysical doctrine as to the relation of God to the universe, assumed to have been characteristic of the deists, and to have distinguished them from atheists, pantheists and theists,—the belief, namely, that the first cause of the universe is a personal God, who is, however, not only distinct from the world but apart from it and its concerns. [ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1922]
“自然神论”这个术语,不仅用来指代自然神论者的主要教义或他们所代表的倾向,还被用作一个技术性术语,特指一种关于神与宇宙关系的形而上学理论。这种理论被认为是自然神论者的特征,区分于无神论者、泛神论者和有神论者——即信仰宇宙的第一因是一个个人神,这位神不仅与世界不同,而且超越于世界及其事务之外。[Encyclopaedia Britannica,1922年]