“点火用的棍子。”这个词在14世纪晚期用作macche,意指“蜡烛或灯的灯芯”,这个意义现在已经过时。它源自古法语meiche,意为“蜡烛的灯芯”,进一步追溯到俗拉丁语*micca/*miccia(这也是加泰罗尼亚语metxa、西班牙语mecha、意大利语miccia的来源)。这个词的起源尚不确定,但很可能最终来自拉丁语myxa,而拉丁语myxa则源自希腊语,原意是“灯芯”,最初的意思是“粘液”,基于灯芯悬挂在灯嘴上,像鼻涕从鼻孔流出一样的形象。这可以追溯到原始印欧语词根*meug-,意为“粘滑的,滑腻的”(参见mucus)。英语中的snot在14世纪晚期也有了一个次要意义,指“蜡烛的烛烟,烧焦的灯芯”,这种用法至少在19世纪晚期的北方方言中仍然存在。
现代拼写形式出现在15世纪中期。1530年,这个词被用来指“浸泡在硫磺中的绳子或麻线,用于点燃火焰、灯具、蜡烛等”。到1830年,它被用来指现代类型的硫磺头木质摩擦火柴,这种火柴大约在那个时期被完善,并在19世纪大部分时间与lucifer竞争,成为这一发明的名称。早期版本则是由一条薄木条制成,顶端涂有易燃物质,需要与单独装在盒子或小瓶中的磷接触才能点燃。
In the manufacture of matches much trouble has been occasioned by the use of phosphorous .... In some of the small and poorly-managed factories the men and children are never free from the fumes; their clothes and breath are luminous in the dark, and in the daytime white fumes may be seen escaping from them whenever they are seated by the fire. ... The danger arising from the use of matches was magnified, because they could sometimes be seen in the dark, were liable to ignite on a warm shelf, and were poisonous to such an extent that children had been killed by using them as playthings. [John A. Garver, "Matches," in The Popular Science Monthly, August 1877]
在火柴制造过程中,使用磷带来了很多麻烦……在一些小型且管理不善的工厂里,工人和儿童始终无法摆脱这些烟雾;他们的衣服和呼吸在黑暗中发光,白天只要坐在火边,就能看到白色烟雾从他们身上冒出……人们夸大了火柴的危险,因为它们有时在黑暗中可见,容易在温暖的架子上点燃,而且毒性极强,曾有儿童因将其当作玩具而中毒身亡。[约翰·A·加弗,《火柴》,《大众科学月刊》,1877年8月]