officer 的意思
官员; 军官; 职员
officer 的词源
officer(n.)
14世纪初,指“担任官方职务的人,负责某项事业管理的人”(最初指高级职务),源自古法语 oficier(意为“官员,职务人员”,14世纪初,现代法语为 officier),再往前追溯至中世纪拉丁语 officiarius(意为“官员”),最终源自拉丁语 officium(意为“服务,职责”,参见 office)。
在中古英语中,这个词还可以指“贵族家庭的仆人,宫廷官员”(14世纪末)。从14世纪末起,它也被用来指“军事随员”,但现代意义上指“军队或海军中拥有委任状的军官”则出现在1560年代。16世纪时,这个词开始用于指代小型司法官员;在美国,指警察的用法始于1880年代。
短语 officer and a gentleman(意指同时具备两者特质)出现于1762年,并成为英国军法审判起诉书中的标准用语,通常表述为“行为不端,丧失了作为军官和绅士应有的品德”。
The words ' officer and gentleman,' though in general to be understood as one single and indivisible term, appear not to be so used here. The misbehaviour, entailing on it the penalty declared by this article, must be such, as I understand it, as to implicate, in the first place, the officer; that is, it must arise in some sort out of his office; and affect incidentally only, the character of the gentleman. It must be such a misconduct, as must necessarily dissever what should ever be indivisible, the consideration of the officer from the gentleman. It must be of that decisively low, humiliating, and debasing kind, as to lay prostrate the honour of the gentleman, in the degradation of the officer. [Capt. Hough and George Long, "The Practice of Courts-Martial," London, 1825]
“officer and gentleman”这两个词,虽然一般被视为一个不可分割的整体,但在这里似乎并非如此。我理解,这种不当行为必须首先涉及到officer,即它必须某种程度上源于他的职务,并仅偶然影响gentleman的品德。这样的不当行为,必须是那种决定性地将officer与gentleman分离的行为。它必须是那种极其低劣、羞辱和堕落的行为,以至于在officer的堕落中,彻底毁掉gentleman的荣誉。”——[霍夫上尉与乔治·朗,《军法审判实务》,伦敦,1825年]
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