rum 的意思
朗姆酒; 优质的饮品
rum 的词源
rum(n.)
“从甘蔗汁或糖蜜中蒸馏出的酒精饮料”,这个词大约出现在1650年代,似乎是对rumbullion(1651年)、rombostion(1652年)等词的缩写,这些词的起源尚不明确,但人们怀疑可能与rum(形容词)“优秀、精致、好的、有价值的”有关。短语rum bouse“好酒”早在1560年代就有记载,并持续到17世纪。这个英语词汇被借用到了荷兰语、德语、瑞典语、丹麦语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、意大利语、法语和俄语中。
In the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, is a manuscript entitled "A briefe description of the Island of Barbados." It is undated but from internal evidence it must have been written about the year 1651. In describing the various drinks in vogue in Barbados, the writer says : "The chief fudling they make in the Island is Rumbullion alias Kill-Divill, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor. ["The Etymology of the Word Rum," in Timehri, 1885]
在都柏林的三一学院图书馆中,有一份题为《巴巴多斯岛简要描述》的手稿。虽然没有具体日期,但根据内部证据,这篇文章大约写于1651年。在描述巴巴多斯岛上流行的各种饮品时,作者提到:“岛上主要酿造的酒是Rumbullion,也叫Kill-Divill,这种酒是用蒸馏的甘蔗酿成的,热烈、地狱般可怕的酒。”(摘自《时间之流:‘Rum’一词的词源》,1885年)
从1800年左右起,在北美,Rum被用作对各种醉酒饮料的普遍(带有敌意的)称呼,这也催生了rum-runner等许多禁酒时代的俚语。
Rum I take to be the name which unwashed moralists apply alike to the product distilled from molasses and the noblest juices of the vineyard. Burgundy in "all its sunset glow" is rum. Champagne, soul of "the foaming grape of Eastern France," is rum. ... Sir, I repudiate the loathsome vulgarism as an insult to the first miracle wrought by the Founder of our religion! [Oliver Wendell Holmes, "The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table," 1871]
我认为,Rum这个词是那些未受洗礼的道德家们对从糖蜜和葡萄园中提炼出的酒的共同称呼。勃艮第酒在“夕阳余晖中的一切”都是rum。香槟,来自“东法兰西泡沫葡萄”的灵魂,也是rum……先生,我拒绝这种令人作呕的庸俗说法,因为这简直是对我们宗教创始人所创造的第一个奇迹的侮辱![奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯,《早餐桌上的独裁者》,1871年]
rum(adj.)
“优秀、出色、好、珍贵”,这是16世纪的行话,另外还有 rome,意为“优秀”,据说源自吉普赛语 rom,意为“男性、丈夫”(参见 Romany)。这是当时非常流行的行话(与 queer 相对),例如 rum kicks 指的是“金银织锦或金银华丽镶边的裤子”[Grose,《粗俗语言词典》,1785年]。
到了1774年,这个词的意思却变得有些相反,开始指“奇怪、古怪、糟糕、可疑、不真实”,可能是因为流氓们常常互相称赞对方,或者这可能是另一个词。从1800年左右起,这个意思成为了主要用法。
Rom (or rum) and quier (or queer) enter largely into combination, thus-- rom = gallant, fine, clever, excellent, strong; rom-bouse = wine or strong drink; rum-bite = a clever trick or fraud; rum-blowen = a handsome mistress; rum-bung = a full purse; rum-diver = a clever pickpocket; rum-padder = a well-mounted highwayman, etc.: also queere = base, roguish; queer-bung = an empty purse; queer-cole = bad money; queer-diver = a bungling pickpocket; queer-ken = a prison; queer-mort = a foundered whore, and so forth. [John S. Farmer, "Musa Pedestris," 1896]
Rom(或 rum)和 quier(或 queer)常常组合在一起,形成了许多新词,例如: rom = 英俊、出色、聪明、优秀、强壮; rom-bouse = 酒或烈酒; rum-bite = 聪明的把戏或欺诈; rum-blowen = 漂亮的情妇; rum-bung = 装满钱袋; rum-diver = 聪明的小偷; rum-padder = 骑马技术高超的强盗,等等。此外, queere = 卑鄙、狡诈; queer-bung = 空钱包; queer-cole = 劣质货币; queer-diver = 笨拙的小偷; queer-ken = 监狱; queer-mort = 残废的妓女,等等。[John S. Farmer,《Musa Pedestris》,1896年]
rum 的使用趋势
改编自 books.google.com/ngrams/. Ngrams 数据仅供参考。
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