racism 的词源

到1928年，这个词开始普遍使用，尤其是从1935年起。最初是在欧洲背景下使用，指的是“种族优越性作为一种教义，认为人类的特征和能力是由种族决定的理论。”可以参考 racist，并比较 race (n.2) 和 racialism 中的各种含义。从20世纪30年代末起，这个词被应用于美国的社会体系。

This meaning of Nationalism in no sense implies any consent to the doctrine of Racism, which holds that unity of racial origin is the main principle of unity for civil society and that the members of each ethnical branch should properly aim at grouping themselves together into so many national States. Although it is desirable that strongly-felt national aspirations, which often depend on community of race, should be satisfied, as far as this may be compatible with justice, Racism or the Principle of Racial Self determination, as it has been called in recent years is a materialistic illusion contrary to natural law and destructive of civilisation. [James Strachey Barnes, "The Universal Aspects of Fascism," London, 1928]

这种民族主义的含义绝不意味着对 Racism 教义的认可。该教义认为，种族起源的统一是民间社会团结的主要原则，认为每个民族分支的成员应该团结起来，形成多个民族国家。尽管强烈的民族愿望，往往依赖于种族共同性，应该在公正的前提下得到满足，但 Racism 或近年来被称为种族自决原则，是一种物质主义的幻觉，违背自然法则，并且破坏文明。[詹姆斯·斯特拉奇·巴恩斯，《法西斯主义的普遍方面》，伦敦，1928年]