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traitor 的意思

背叛者; 叛徒; 不可信的人

traitor 的词源

traitor(n.)

大约在公元1200年,traitour这个词出现,意指“背叛任何信任或职责的人;诱惑者”;在更广泛的意义上,它指“背信弃义或不可信赖的人”,也特指“犯有叛国罪的人”。这个词源自古法语的traitortraitre,意思是“叛徒、恶棍、欺骗者”(11世纪,现代法语为traître)。而古法语又源自拉丁语的traditor,意为“背叛者”,字面意思是“交付者”(同源词还有西班牙语的traidor和意大利语的traditore;拉丁语名词还可以指“教师”)。这个词是由tradere(“交付,交出”)演变而来的,而tradere又是由trans-(“越过”,参见trans-)和dare(“给予”,源自原始印欧词根*do-,意为“给予”)组合而成。

在英语中,这个词最初常常带有对犹大·伊斯卡里奥特的暗示。到15世纪末,“背叛效忠,出卖国家政府或君主”的含义逐渐形成,后来也用于指背叛某种事业。可以与treason(叛国罪)、tradition(传统)进行比较。中古英语中还有treacher,意为“欺骗者、骗子、叛徒”。

作为形容词时,traitor意指“与叛徒相关的,叛国的,犯有叛国罪的”,大约在公元1300年开始使用。

相关词汇

14世纪晚期, tradicioun,“从一代传到另一代的陈述、信仰或实践”,特别是在神学中,“基于摩西法的信仰或实践”,后来也指基督教实践,来自古法语 tradicion “传递、呈现、交付”(13世纪晚期),直接源自拉丁语 traditionem(主格 traditio)“交付、投降、传递、放弃”(也有“教学、指导”和“从古代传下来的说法”)。

这是一个名词,来源于 tradere “交付,交给”的过去分词词干,来自 trans- “越过”(参见 trans-)+ dare “给予”(来自原始印欧词根 *do- “给予”)。因此,Traditiontreason(参见)的双生词。

“长期建立的习俗”的意义来自1590年代。这个词的概念是指从祖先传给后代的习俗、方式、信仰、学说等。

1718年用于指伊斯兰教的 hadiths 和被认为已启示但未书写的教义。在美术和文学中,“前几代人积累的经验和成就”。

What I mean by tradition involves all those habitual actions, habits and customs, from the most significant religious rite to our conventional way of greeting a stranger, which represent the blood kinship of 'the same people living in the same place'. ... We become conscious of these items, or conscious of their importance, usually only after they have begun to fall into desuetude, as we are aware of the leaves of a tree when the autumn wind begins to blow them off—when they have separately ceased to be vital. Energy may be wasted at that point in a frantic endeavour to collect the leaves as they fall and gum them onto the branches: but the sound tree will put forth new leaves, and the dry tree should be put to the axe. [T.S. Eliot, "After Strange Gods"]
我所说的传统包括所有那些习惯性的行为、习惯和风俗,从最重要的宗教仪式到我们与陌生人打招呼的传统方式,这些都代表了“同一群居住在同一地方的人们”的血缘关系。……我们通常只有在这些项目开始被遗忘时,才会意识到它们,或意识到它们的重要性,就像我们在秋风开始吹落树叶时意识到树叶一样——当它们分别不再重要时。在那时,可能会在疯狂的努力中浪费能量,试图收集 falling leaves 并将它们粘在树枝上:但健康的树会长出新叶,干枯的树应该被砍掉。[T.S. Eliot, "After Strange Gods"]

直到1450年代,traditiontreason的意义仍然重叠,当时tradition可以意为“背叛”,中英语traditour是“背叛者,叛徒”。在早期教会历史中,Traditores是指在迫害中将圣经或圣物交给当局或背叛兄弟的人的(拉丁语)词。

约1200年,treisountreson,“背叛;信任的背叛;不忠,信仰的违反”,来自盎格鲁法语treson,源自古法语traison“叛国,背叛”(11世纪;现代法语trahison),来自拉丁语traditionem(主格traditio)“交付,投降,传递,放弃”(西班牙语traicion的来源),名词形式来自过去分词词干tradere“交付,交出”,来自trans“过”(参见trans-)+ dare“给予”(来自原始印欧词根*do-“给予”)。是tradition的双生词。古法语形式受到动词trair“背叛”的影响。

Vpon Thursday it was treason to cry God saue king James king of England, and vppon Friday hye treason not to cry so. [Thomas Dekker, "The Wonderfull Yeare 1603"]

在古英语法中,high treason(约1400年)是指臣民违反对王冠或国家最高权力的效忠(其中high的意思是“严重的”);与petit treason区分,后者是指对臣民的叛国罪,例如仆人谋杀主人,伪造等。Constructive treason是一种司法虚构,即在没有叛国意图的情况下进行的行为,但被认定为具有叛国效果的行为,被惩罚为真正的叛国。这解释了美国宪法中对叛国罪定义的谨慎措辞。

Lord George Gordon was thrown into the Tower and was tried before Lord Mansfield on the charge of high treason for levying war upon the Crown. The charge ... rested upon the assertion that the agitation which he had created and led was the originating cause of the outrages that had taken place. As there was no evidence that Lord George Gordon had anticipated these outrages, as he had taken no part in them, and had even offered his services to the Government to assist in their suppression, the accusation was one which, if it had been maintained, would have had consequences very dangerous to public liberty. [W.E.H. Lecky, on the Gordon Riots (1780), in "History of England in the Eighteenth Century"] 

中古英语中也有作为动词,treisounen(14世纪中期),“背叛,将敌人交给敌人之手”。

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traitor 的使用趋势

改编自 books.google.com/ngrams/. Ngrams 数据仅供参考。

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中文翻译由AI生成。查看原文,请访问: Etymology, origin and meaning of traitor

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