for- 的词源
for-
前缀通常意为“离开、相对、完全”,来自古英语 for-,表示损失或破坏,但在其他情况下表示完成,并且也用于强调或贬义,来自原始日耳曼语 *fur “在前,进入”(也源自古诺尔斯语 for-,瑞典语 för-,荷兰语 ver-,古高地德语 fir-,德语 ver-);来自印欧语根 *pr-,来自词根 *per- (1) “向前”,因此“在前面,之前,朝向,靠近,反对”。最终来自与 fore (adv.) 相同的词根,并比较 ver-。
In verbs the prefix denotes (a) intensive or completive action or process, or (b) action that miscarries, turns out for the worse, results in failure, or produces adverse or opposite results. In many verbs the prefix exhibits both meanings, and the verbs frequently have secondary and figurative meanings or are synonymous with the simplex. [ Middle English Compendium]
在动词中,前缀表示 (a) 强调或完成的动作或过程,或 (b) 失败的动作,结果恶化,导致失败,或产生不利或相反的结果。在许多动词中,前缀表现出两种意义,动词通常具有次要和比喻意义或与简单形式同义。[ Middle English Compendium]
可能最初在日耳曼语中具有“向前,向外”的意义,但在历史语言中发展出复杂的意义。作为构词元素,它在现代英语中已不再使用。
由于在分词中的使用,它在中英语中成为形容词的强调前缀(例如乔叟的 forblak “极黑”),但所有这些现在似乎都已过时。
It is grievous to think how much less careful the English have been to preserve than to acquire. Why have we lost, or all but lost, the ver or for as a prefix,— fordone, forwearied, &c.; and the zer or to,— zerreissen, to rend, &c. Jugend, Jüngling : youth, youngling ; why is that last word now lost to common use, and confined to sheep and other animals? [Coleridge, "German Language," in "Omniana"]
令人痛心的是,英语人为了保留而不是为了获得变得如此不够细心。我们为什么失去了,或几乎失去了,作为前缀的 ver 或 for,— fordone, forwearied,等等;以及 zer 或 to,— zerreissen,撕裂,等等。 Jugend, Jüngling : youth, youngling ; 为什么最后一个词现在已不再常用,仅限于羊和其他动物?[科尔律治,"德语",在 "Omniana"]
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