manumission 的词源

“解放奴隶、束缚或约束”，大约公元1400年，manumissioun，指“基督对人类的救赎”；15世纪初，“摆脱封建奴役的自由”，也指这种解放的实例，源自古法语manumission，意为“自由、解放”，直接来自拉丁语manumissionem（主格manumissio）“解放奴隶”，是由动词manumittere（“解放”）的过去分词词干构成，源自短语manu mittere（“解除控制”），其中manu是manus的奚格形式，意为“主人的权力”，字面意思是“手”（来自原始印欧语根*man- (2) “手”）+ mittere（“放手、释放”，参见mission）。特别是指1660年代英国殖民地的黑人奴隶制。

The ceremony of the Manumissio by the Vindicta was as follows:—The master brought his slave before the magistratus, and stated the grounds ( causa) of the intended manumission. The lictor of the magistratus laid a rod ( festuca) on the head of the slave, accompanied with certain formal words, in which he declared that he was a free man ex Jure Quiritium, that is, "vindicavit in libertatem." The master in the meantime held the slave, and after he had pronounced the words "hunc hominem liberum volo," he turned him round ( momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, Persius, Sat. v. 78) and let him go ( emisit e manu, or misit manu, Plaut. Capt. ii. 3. 48), whence the general name of the act of manumission. [William Smith, ed., "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquity," 1870]

通过“Vindicta”解放奴隶的仪式如下：主人将奴隶带到法官面前，说明解放的理由（causa）。法官的执法官（lictors）会用一根棍子（festuca）轻轻敲打奴隶的头，并用特定的正式语言宣告他是根据《古罗马公民法》自由的人，即“vindicavit in libertatem”。与此同时，主人握住奴隶，待他念出“我愿意让这个人自由”（“hunc hominem liberum volo”）后，便转动他（momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama，出自《讽刺诗》五卷78行），然后放手（emisit e manu，或misit manu，出自《捕奴者》第二卷第三十八行），这也成为了解放仪式的通称。[威廉·史密斯主编，《希腊罗马古代词典》，1870年]