“处于衰退或腐朽状态(曾经的卓越状态)”,最早见于1837年(卡莱尔),源自法语 décadent,是从 décadence(参见 decadence)演变而来的。最初用于指那些认为或假装生活在艺术衰退时代的文学(后来是其他艺术)流派,1885年在法语中出现,1888年被引入英语。通常带有贬义:
Bread, supposedly the staff of life, has become one of our most decadent foods — doughy, gummy, and without the aroma, flavor, texture, taste and appearance that is typical of good bread. ["College and University Business" 1960]
面包,本应是生命之源,如今却成了我们最颓废的食物之一——面团状、粘稠,缺乏优质面包应有的香气、风味、口感和外观。[《大学与学院商业》1960年]
“令人向往且满足自我放纵”的含义大约在1970年开始出现在商业出版物中,专指甜点。
作为名词使用时,指“被认为其艺术或文学作品显示出颓废迹象的人”,1889年首次出现(1887年作为法语词汇引入英语),最初是在法语语境中。
On the subject of poetry I am bound to signalize one of those grotesque, unexpected apparitions which would appear to be constitutional to our country [i.e. France] .... I refer to the recent appearance of a literary clique of madmen or idlers, the self-named décadents. I own I am almost ashamed to occupy your time with this unworthy subject, which I should not have thought fit to introduce had not our newspapers and even our reviews taken the décadents to task, and were it not that they have furnished chroniqueurs short of copy with matter for articles, and that the serious Temps itself has taken up their trashy nonsense. [The Athenaeum, Jan. 1, 1887]
说到诗歌,我不得不提到一个在我们国家(指法国)似乎是司空见惯的荒诞、意外的现象……我指的是最近出现的一个文学圈子,他们自称是 décadents,一群疯狂或无所事事的人。我承认,几乎不愿意占用您的时间来讨论这个不值得的话题,如果不是我们的报纸甚至评论杂志对这些 décadents 进行了批评,且他们为那些缺乏素材的 chroniqueurs 提供了写作材料,甚至连严肃的 Temps 都开始关注他们的无聊 nonsense,我本不会提起这个话题。[《雅典娜》1887年1月1日]